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              <text>Faye Todd represents a small group of African American women who achieved executive status in the Las Vegas gaming industry. Arriving in Las Vegas from San Antonio in 1964 with her three children and husband James, Todd settled down to care for her children. Her career path began when she enrolled in adult education classes to acquire business administration and clerical skills. By 1975 her career took off when she was named Special Events Coordinator at the Desert Inn Hotel &amp; Casino. In 1976 she left the Desert Inn to take up the duties of what she termed “the perfect job” at the Landmark Hotel &amp; Casino as Entertainment Director/Corporate Executive Assistant. The job ended abruptly six years later when the Landmark was forced into receivership&#13;
&#13;
Faye Todd’s story was collected as part of the series on women working in the gaming industry. It offers a unique perspective from inside the executive offices of the gaming industry, one based on the reflections of a black woman. It sheds light on the opportunities accorded to African Americans following the 1971 consent decree and the different strategies employed by blacks to access those opportunities. Todd also provides insight into class relations within the black community both in Las Vegas and San Antonio, Texas.</text>
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              <text>Harriet Hope Hardbarger grew up in the segregated southern cities of St. Petersburg, Florida and Mobile, Alabama. She was the daughter of a plumber, who was also a union organizer and a “rabid Democrat.” Harriet’s mother died when she was only ten and her father played a pivotal role in shaping her social values. She recalled him saying over a meal, “Remember children, you know what meat tastes like because there’s a man named Franklin Roosevelt.”&#13;
&#13;
In 1948, sixteen-year-old Harriet accompanied her father, an Alabama Delegate, to the Democratic National Convention. Hearing Hubert Humphrey’s civil rights speech changed her life. “I came home from that convention a wild woman,” says Harriet. She suddenly recognized the pervasive racial divide of her community and thus began a lifelong quest for social change. By her early twenties, Harriet was organizing unions for the State AFL-CIO in Florida. In the years that followed, Harriet marched and protested against various forms social injustices, oftentimes being arrested in the process.&#13;
&#13;
By 1962, Harriet had married and started a family, when they relocated to Las Vegas. She focused her activism within Nevada working against nuclear waste, on behalf of school integration, welfare rights, the Equal Rights Amendment, and the Campaign for Choice. She ran many local and statewide political campaigns, including the 1968 Presidential campaign of Hubert Humphrey in Nevada. She was the southern Nevada campaign for George McGovern. Then, she served as southern Nevada aide for Governor Mike O’Callaghan from 1974 to 1978. From 1983 to 1986, Harriet worked in Washington, D.C. as the Foreign Affairs Aide for Congressman Harry Reid.&#13;
&#13;
Recognized as an expert in grassroots campaign organizing, Harriet traveled across Tennessee, Virginia, South Carolina, and Louisiana recruiting women to run for public office. She served on the National Organization for Women’s National Board and in 1992, returned to Washington, D.C. to work as a lobbyist for the Feminist Majority Foundation. In 2000, Harriet returned to Las Vegas and continues her work in Democratic politics, currently serving as Political Director for the Nevada State Democratic Party in Clark County.&#13;
&#13;
As a Democratic Party advocate, feminist and civil rights activist, campaign advisor and precinct organizer – Harriet’s political acumen has earned the respect of both local voters and noted legislators, making her, in U.S. Senator Harry Reid’s words, “A local legend.”</text>
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&#13;
She was born Barbara Farrell in 1921 in Camp Dix, New Jersey. Her father worked as an engineer for the New York State Department of Public Health so Barbara grew up in Albany, New York. She attended a private, all-girls school then went to college at Manhattanville College in New York. At the age of eighteen, Barbara married James Henry Bugden. Her husband’s overseas military service during World War II strained their marriage and in 1949 she moved to Reno to obtain a divorce because of Nevada’s liberal divorce laws. While in Nevada, she met and married a Reno attorney named Kenneth P. Dillon in 1950. They had five children together. He met with an untimely death in 1964. In 1965, Barbara married George Vucanovich. She ran two businesses: a travel agency and speed-reading franchise.&#13;
&#13;
After her third marriage, Vucanovich became active in Nevada politics as a conservative Republican. She was elected president of the Republican Women’s Club in Reno. U.S. Senator Paul Laxalt hired her to manage his successful 1966 Governor’s campaign, his 1974 campaign for U.S. Senate. She also was District Representative for Northern Nevada from 1974-1981.&#13;
&#13;
When the second congressional district in Nevada was formed after the 1980 census, Laxalt urged Barbara to run for the new seat. She ran and won her election and became the first woman to hold federal office in Nevada. She represented Nevada from 1982 until her retirement in 1996. Since she left Congress, she has remained active in Nevada politics and saw her daughter, Patty Cafferata, become the first woman elected State Treasurer of Nevada.&#13;
&#13;
Following her retirement, Barbara also became a published author with her 2005 memoir, From Nevada to Congress, and Back Again written with her daughter Patty Cafferata. Her book reflects on her years of service to Nevada and her experiences as a mother, businesswoman, and community volunteer. She remains active in state and national politics as a Republican.</text>
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&#13;
Gue Gim was born in 1900 in Lin Lun Li, China. Her father, Ng Louie Der, owned a home and business in San Francisco and returned to China regularly as his funds would allow to visit his wife and family. Gue Gim’s mother passed away when she was only eight years old and her brother and his wife raised her. Her father remarried and in 1912 brought his family to San Francisco. Gue Gim’s time in San Francisco was mainly restricted to two activities, Chinese language school and church. Her father had joined the Methodist Episcopal Church and had Gue Gim and the rest of her family baptized.&#13;
&#13;
Four years after moving to the United States, Gue Gim was married to Tom Fook Wah. Her new husband owned a successful boarding house in Nevada and Gue Gim and her new husband settled in Prince, Nevada. At first, Gue Gim remained secluded in their home. After a mine owner learned of Gue Gim’s desire to learn English, he arranged for her to attend the Prince School. Gue Gim excelled at the school and passed through eight grades over the course of the next several years.&#13;
&#13;
In the late 1920s, the Wahs left Prince and went on an extended vacation to South China. Upon their return to Nevada, they settled in Caselton in 1929. Business was slow and for the first time, Gue Gim began working in the boarding house. Tom passed away from cancer in 1933 and Gue Gim took over operations of the boarding house on her own. Gue Gim expanded her business and worked both as a boarding house operator and restaurateur. During World War II, business grew rapidly and Gue Gim’s cooking became well-known. She became friendly with former President Hoover, who owned a portion of the mining operations. Production at the nearby mines slowed down during the 1950s, and Gue Gim’s business suffered. Her reputation remained, however, and in 1971 the Los Angeles Times ran an article about her restaurant.&#13;
&#13;
Gue Gim’s story made her the subject of several magazine articles, oral histories, and essays on the role of Asian immigrants in the American West. She passed way in 1988 in Prince, Nevada.</text>
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              <text>“A Thousand to One” – those were the odds that Emilie Wanderer faced to establish a law practice in Las Vegas. But she could live with those odds and succeed. Wanderer never shied away from a challenge. She became the first woman to open her own law practice in Las Vegas in 1947 and was a persistent advocate for the family court and juvenile justice.&#13;
&#13;
Wanderer was born near Boston on April 8, 1902. She attended the Fordham Law School, but did not finish due to the Depression. However, Wanderer passed the New York State Bar Exam (one did not need a degree at the time) and was admitted to the New York Bar in 1933.&#13;
&#13;
While en route to Phoenix in 1946 to seek a healthier climate for one of her sons, the family stopped in Las Vegas and decided to stay. A year later, she was one of three women who passed the Nevada bar exam, but she was the only woman to open her own practice. There were 26 attorneys in town at the time. During her first years in Las Vegas, she worked to establish a family court, became legal counsel for the Las Vegas NAACP, joined the Business and Professional Women’s Club, and ran for Municipal Court Judge. She maintained her professional connections with the National Association of Women Lawyers and served on several national committees concerned with family courts, juvenile justice, and probate law. She took a wide range of cases; some paid the bills while others satisfied her sense of social justice.&#13;
&#13;
After a sojourn in Chicago of nearly a decade, Wanderer returned to Las Vegas, resumed her law practice, and began to advocate for a family court. When the state legislature passed the act to form such a court in 1971, Wanderer decided to run once again for office, this time for the bench of District Court Judge, Dept 8 Family Court. Only ten women attorneys practiced law in Las Vegas and the state had never appointed a woman as judge. As in the earlier contests, she lost the election, but not her point. Wanderer criticized the lack of women in the judicial system locally and nationally. Emilie Wanderer died on March 3, 2005 in Las Vegas.</text>
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              <text>&lt;a href="http://d.library.unlv.edu/digital/collection/jhp/id/23731" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Emilie Wanderer,” A thousand to one: the story of Emilie N. Wanderer the first woman to practice law in Las Vegas, Emilie N. Wanderer and Joanne L. Goodwin” [transcript], Las Vegas (Nevada) Women Oral History Project (2000), Special Collections and Archives, University of Nevada, Las Vegas.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.library.unlv.edu/speccol/databases/index.php?coll=oh&amp;amp;search_query=Emilie+Wanderer&amp;amp;ec=man,photocoll,unlvarc&amp;amp;recid=3592" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Guide to the Emilie Wanderer Oral History&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.library.unlv.edu/speccol/databases/index.php?coll=oh&amp;amp;search_query=Emilie+Wanderer&amp;amp;ec=man,photocoll,unlvarc&amp;amp;recid=3592" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Interviews. Special Collections and Archives, University of Nevada, Las Vegas. #OH-02662&lt;/a&gt;.</text>
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              <text>Juanita Greer White earned a doctorate in physical chemistry from Johns Hopkins University in 1929 at a time when women were unwelcome in the scientific professions. She established a career as a professor and researcher before moving to Boulder City in 1955, where her husband Thomas established a surgical practice. She immediately became active in the community and in 1962 voters elected her to the Nevada Board of Regents. In 1971 she was elected to the State Assembly.&#13;
&#13;
As a Regent, White was an outspoken supporter of Nevada Southern. When the Southern University Land Foundation proposed acquiring 50 acres for the university, White insisted on the 300 acres that now make up UNLV’s main campus. As part of the 1964 Governor’s Commission on the Status of Women, she strongly advocated for programs that would increase women’s access to higher education in the state. She remained actively involved with UNLV, particularly the biology department, until her death in 1997. The Life Sciences building was renamed as a tribute to her lifetime of service to the sciences, higher education, and the Southern Nevada community.</text>
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              <text>Moehring, &lt;span&gt;Eugene. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;UNLV: A History. &lt;/em&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Reno: University of Nevada Press, 2007.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.library.unlv.edu/speccol/finding-aids/MS-00254.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Guide to the Juanita Greer White Papers. Special Collections and Archives. University of Nevada, Las Vegas. Collection # MS-00254.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.library.unlv.edu/speccol/finding-aids/PH-00249.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Guide to the Juanita Greer White Photographs. Special Collections and Archives. University of Nevada, Las Vegas. Collection # PH-00249.&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="https://www.library.unlv.edu/speccol/databases/index.php?coll=photocoll&amp;amp;search_query=flora+dungan&amp;amp;ec=oh,man,unlvarc&amp;amp;recid=326" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Photo Collections Record&lt;/a&gt;.</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;This resource is available for education and research purposes. This collection is a collaboration and combination of various projects including, but not limited to; the Women in Nevada History: A Legacy Digital Project, the &lt;a href="https://www.library.unlv.edu/speccol/collecting_strengths/nwa" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Nevada Women’s Archives&lt;/a&gt;, the &lt;a href="https://www.unlv.edu/wrin/research" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Las Vegas Women Oral History Project&lt;/a&gt; and the &lt;a href="http://makersteachingmodules.sites.unlv.edu/makerseries" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Makers: Women in Nevada History Project&lt;/a&gt;, a co-production of the &lt;a href="https://www.unlv.edu/wrin" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Women's Research Institute of Nevada&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="https://video.vegaspbs.org/show/vegas-pbs-documentaries/collections/makers-women-nevada-history/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;VegasPBS&lt;/a&gt;. The text, images, audio and video in this collection are under copyright by different repositories and may not be reproduced without express written consent of the appropriate entities. &lt;span style="text-decoration: line-through;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.library.unlv.edu/speccol/ohrc/projects"&gt;UNLV Oral History Research Center&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                  <text>Women in Nevada History: A Legacy Digital Project</text>
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              <text>Alma Whitney moved to Las Vegas from Tallulah, Louisiana when she was sixteen years of age to stay with her sister. She told the interviewer that she moved because she could make more money in Las Vegas than back home in 1952. In Tallulah, she earned between $1.50 and $2.50 a day working in private homes or picking cotton, respectively. In Las Vegas, she found work as a housekeeper at the Desert Inn. She worked cleaning rooms for fourteen years, and then received a promotion to supervisor of housekeeping which she held for twenty-five years.&#13;
&#13;
Alma remembers the early Las Vegas Westside peppered with little shacks with dirt floors, unpaved streets, and tiny trailer parks. She had expected more liberal attitudes concerning race relations than she found in Las Vegas. Nevertheless, the town’s burgeoning gaming industry provided opportunities to work and to make a good living. She and her husband (who worked at Nellis Air Force Base) purchased a beautiful home on the Westside and reared five children. They carved out a full life by enjoying and supporting the institutions on the Westside: the church and schools for her children, and the clubs of Jackson Street for the adults.&#13;
&#13;
Alma Whitney’s story was collected as part of the series on women working in the gaming industry. It also provides information on the African American migration to Las Vegas during the 1940s, post-war race relations in Las Vegas, the daily work of hotel maids, and the culinary union.</text>
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              <text>&lt;a href="https://cdm17304.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/ohr/id/3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Alma Whitney, “An Interview with Alma Whitney, an Oral History Conducted by Claytee D. White [transcript], Las Vegas Women in Gaming and Entertainment Oral History Project (1996), Special Collections and Archives, University of Nevada, Las Vegas.&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>Women in Nevada History: A Legacy Digital Project</text>
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                <text>Women's Research Institute of Nevada (WRIN)</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;This resource is available for education and research purposes. This collection is a collaboration and combination of various projects including, but not limited to; the Women in Nevada History: A Legacy Digital Project, the &lt;a href="https://www.library.unlv.edu/speccol/collecting_strengths/nwa" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Nevada Women’s Archives&lt;/a&gt;, the &lt;a href="https://www.unlv.edu/wrin/research" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Las Vegas Women Oral History Project&lt;/a&gt; and the &lt;a href="http://makersteachingmodules.sites.unlv.edu/makerseries" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Makers: Women in Nevada History Project&lt;/a&gt;, a co-production of the &lt;a href="https://www.unlv.edu/wrin" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Women's Research Institute of Nevada&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="https://video.vegaspbs.org/show/vegas-pbs-documentaries/collections/makers-women-nevada-history/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;VegasPBS&lt;/a&gt;. The text, images, audio and video in this collection are under copyright by different repositories and may not be reproduced without express written consent of the appropriate entities. &lt;span style="text-decoration: line-through;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://d.library.unlv.edu/digital/collection/p17304coll6/search/searchterm/Las%20Vegas%20Women%20in%20Gaming%20and%20Entertainment%20Oral%20History%20Project/field/source/mode/exact/conn/and" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Las Vegas Women in Gaming and Entertainment Oral History Project&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://digital.library.unlv.edu/aae" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;The African American Experience in Las Vegas&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                  <text>Women in Nevada History: A Legacy Digital Project</text>
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                  <text>Women's Research Institute of Nevada (WRIN)</text>
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              <text>Club woman (Mesquite Club)</text>
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              <text>August 14, 1903</text>
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              <text>Strunk, Kentucky</text>
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              <text>Born in the coal fields of Strunk, Kentucky, Audrey Aline Messer Wickman first visited the West at twelve years of age. She moved to western Colorado to help in her grandparents’ home for a couple of years. The stay made a lasting impression because she only returned to her birthplace for a short time after that. In Colorado, she graduated from high school, met her future husband, and married in 1925. They came to southern Nevada in 1932 so that Robert Wickman could find work on Hoover Dam.&#13;
&#13;
Audrey Wickman joined the Mesquite Club in 1936 and has remained a member to date. She started the Literary Committee as a forum to share book reviews and hear speakers. She served as President of the club for 1947-48 and chose the year’s theme “Know your Neighbor.” In the post-war society, women’s involvement in civic affairs was particularly needed, she told the membership at the opening fall meeting. “The troubles which unsettle the world today are primarily ones which lie within the sphere of women’s business. They are matters of housekeeping, teaching and health. . . . The time has come when we as a nation cannot stay in our own backyards. . . . If we are to be good world citizens, local, state and national, we must first be good home citizens. These responsibilities call for knowledge, an appreciation of other points of view, and attitudes of good will and cooperation.” (Las Vegas Review Journal, 6 October 1947, Mesquite Club microfilm collection.)&#13;
&#13;
The duties of the president varied during those years. She recalled that “I was janitor, gardener and President.” During the wintertime, she remembered, “you had to have heat [for Friday’s meeting] and I’d go up on Thursday afternoon and light that old oil burning stove and then pray that it didn’t catch the place on fire all night.” She continued her commitment to club work by serving as state secretary for the Nevada Federation of Women’s Clubs. The friendships and cultural events which came from Mesquite Club and Federation membership proved to be of lasting value for this community builder. Audrey Wickman’s oral history was collected as part of the series on women community builders.</text>
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              <text>&lt;a href="http://d.library.unlv.edu/digital/collection/p17304coll6/id/509" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Audrey Wickman, “Audrey Wickman, interviewed by Joanne L. Goodwin” [transcript], (1996), Special Collections and Archives, University of Nevada, Las Vegas.&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>Audrey Wickman</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1272">
                <text>Makers Teaching Modules</text>
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                <text>Women in Nevada History: A Legacy Digital Project</text>
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                <text>Women's Research Institute of Nevada (WRIN)</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;This resource is available for education and research purposes. This collection is a collaboration and combination of various projects including, but not limited to; the Women in Nevada History: A Legacy Digital Project, the &lt;a href="https://www.library.unlv.edu/speccol/collecting_strengths/nwa" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Nevada Women’s Archives&lt;/a&gt;, the &lt;a href="https://www.unlv.edu/wrin/research" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Las Vegas Women Oral History Project&lt;/a&gt; and the &lt;a href="http://makersteachingmodules.sites.unlv.edu/makerseries" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Makers: Women in Nevada History Project&lt;/a&gt;, a co-production of the &lt;a href="https://www.unlv.edu/wrin" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Women's Research Institute of Nevada&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="https://video.vegaspbs.org/show/vegas-pbs-documentaries/collections/makers-women-nevada-history/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;VegasPBS&lt;/a&gt;. The text, images, audio and video in this collection are under copyright by different repositories and may not be reproduced without express written consent of the appropriate entities. &lt;span style="text-decoration: line-through;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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